Early detection of breast cancer can increase the chances of successful treatment and survival by more than 90%. This guide provides a comprehensive review of the methods, practical tips, and follow-up after diagnosis.
Part One: Risk Factors and Prevention
– Family History
– Having one or more close relatives with the disease increases the risk by two to three times.
– BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
– Mutations in these genes increase the risk of breast cancer by up to 70%.
– Genetic testing is recommended for people over 30 with a strong family history.
– Lifestyle
– Drinking alcohol more than twice a week increases the risk.
– Postmenopausal obesity and physical inactivity are also important factors.
Part Two: Screening and Diagnosis Methods
1. Digital Mammography
– Age of onset: Women 40–45 years
– Intervals: Every 1–2 years
– Advantages: Greater sensitivity in dense tissue with new 3D technologies
2. Breast ultrasound
– Use: People with dense tissue or palpable masses
– Advantages: No radiation, less expensive
– Limitations: Less visibility of deep underlying structures
3. Breast MRI
– Target group: Women at high risk (genes, family history)
– Sensitivity: Above 95% in detecting small lesions
– Disadvantages include cost and need for contrast injection.
Part 3: Post-diagnosis steps
– Biopsy (sampling)
– Types: Core needle, Vacuum-assisted
– Ensuring accurate diagnosis of tumor type and grade
– Pathology report
– Tumor grade (Grade): Degree of cellular differentiation
– Hormonal status (ER/PR) and HER2: Determining targeted therapies
– Tumor markers
– Ki-67 to estimate growth rate
– Additional tests to identify metastases
Part 4: Treatment options
| Surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy)
| Radiotherapy
| Chemotherapy
| Hormone therapy
| Targeted therapy
Part 5: Long-term follow-up
– Clinical examinations every 3–6 months for the first 2 years
– Annual mammography for other years
– Hormonal and tumor marker tests as recommended by the doctor
– Psychological support and support groups to improve quality of life