Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that can be prevented by careful management of diet, physical activity, and drug therapy. This article covers all the aspects necessary for patients and caregivers.
Part 1: Pathology and stages of progression
– Insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells
– Beta cell failure in the pancreas
– Prediabetes: fasting blood sugar 100–125 mg/dL
Part 2: Monitoring and evaluation
Daily blood sugar measurement
Fasting and 2 hours after a meal
HbA1c every 3–6 months
Goal: below 7% for most patients
Annual review: blood pressure, blood lipids, kidney function
Part 3: Diet and nutrition
Complex carbohydrates
| Lean protein
| Healthy fats
| Vegetables and fruits
– Tip: Control portion sizes and distribute them evenly throughout the day
Section 4: Physical activity
Weekly goals
– At least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity (brisk walking, cycling)
– 2 sessions of muscle strengthening with weights or resistance bands
Benefits
– Improve insulin sensitivity
Weight control
– Reduce the risk of heart disease
Section 5: Drug therapy and innovations
– Metformin: first-line treatment for most patients
– SGLT2 family: Lower sugar through urinary excretion and cardiovascular protection
– GLP-1 family: Induce satiety and weight loss with sugar control
– Long-acting insulin: For patients with beta-cell failure
Section 6: Prevention and management of complications
– Retinopathy: Annual eye examination
– Nephropathy: Urinary creatinine and albumin every year
– Neuropathy: Sensory examination and circulation of the extremities
– Heart disease: Control blood pressure and blood lipids
Conclusion and call to action
By following the guidelines With proper nutrition, regular exercise, ongoing monitoring, and appropriate treatment, type 2 diabetes can be controlled. To receive a personalized plan